Fall 2007 Course Descriptions

All courses below are approved to be taught in Fall 2007; however, some (or all) may not be offered this term.  The course numbers that are offered this term link to the Schedule of Classes.  Class with alternative delivery modes (Web based, cable TV, correspondence, etc) are noted in the Schedule at the section level.  The complete list below is a good indicator of what may be offered over the next few years (contact department about offerings).  For explanations of course elements see the Key to Course Descriptions.

IMMUNOBIOLOGY (IMB )  Department Info

IMB 501A -- Medical Microbiology  (3 units)
Description:  The biological characteristics of microorganisms of importance in human health and disease; the reaction of the host to infectious agents and the mechanisms of host defense; diagnosis and management of infectious disease. Lectures, discussions, and laboratory experiments. This is a two-semester course with both semesters 501A - 501B required to be taken consecutively in order to receive a final grade.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  BIOC 462A, BIOC 462B or equivalent.
Usually offered:  Fall.

IMB 501B -- Medical Microbiology  (3 units)
Description:  The biological characteristics of microorganisms of importance in human health and disease; the reaction of the host to infectious agents and the mechanisms of host defense; diagnosis and management of infectious disease. Lectures, discussions, and laboratory experiments. This is a two-semester course with both semesters 501A - 501B required to be taken consecutively in order to receive a final grade.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  BIOC 462A, BIOC 462B or equivalent; IMB 501A.
Usually offered:  Spring.

IMB 502 -- Medical Microbiology and Immunology  (3 units)
Description:  The molecular and biological characteristics of microorganisms of importance in human health and disease; the reaction of the host to infectious agents and the mechanisms of host defense; pathogenesis of infectious disease.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  Background in molecular biology, microbiology, immunology.
Usually offered:  Fall.

IMB 502A -- Medical Microbiology and Immunology  (3 units)
Description:  The primary goal of Graduate Medical Microbiology is to provide the student with a foundation for understanding the basic scientific principles of immunology and microbiology. Human infectious disease is emphasized in a clinical setting along with host defense and diagnosis. Immunology, virology, mycology, parasitology, and bacteriology are covered. Registration for both MBIM 502A and 502B is required for credit.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  IMB 502A is prerequisite to IMB 502B.
Usually offered:  Fall.

IMB 502B -- Medical Microbiology and Immunology  (2 units)
Description:  Second half of a 2-semester course. The primary goal of Graduate Medical Microbiology is to provide the student with a foundation for understanding the basic scientific principles of immunology and microbiology. Human infectious disease is emphasized in a clinical setting along with host defense and diagnosis. Immunology, virology, mycology, parasitology, and bacteriology are covered. Registration for both MBIM 502A and 502B is required for credit.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  IMB 502A is prerequisite to IMB 502B.
Usually offered:  Fall.

IMB 503L -- Parasitology Laboratory  (1 unit)
Description:  Graduate-level requirements include an in-depth research paper dealing with the differential diagnostic techniques used to identify a single parasite species.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to:  MIC 503L; MIC is home department.
Usually offered:  Fall.

IMB 503R -- Biology of Animal Parasites  (3 units)
Description:  Biology of host-parasite relationships with emphasis on parasites of veterinary and human importance. Parasite morphology and physiology, life cycles, epidemiology, pathogenesis and zoonotic potential. Graduate-level requirements include an in-depth research paper on the molecular biology/immune response of a single parasite.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to:  MIC 503R; MIC is home department.
Usually offered:  Fall.

IMB 510 -- Gene Therapy and Molecular Engineering  (3-4 units)
Description:  Course covers gene delivery systems (viral and non-viral), applications of gene therapy in disease states such as monogenic deficiencies, cancer and infectious diseases. Immune responses to cancer gene therapy and molecular engineering of biologically active molecules will be emphasized.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  IMB 519; undergraduate immunology and basic cell and molecular biology.
Typical structure:  1 hour discussion, 3 hours lecture.
Identical to:  CBIO 510.
Usually offered:  Fall.

IMB 519 -- General Immunological Concepts  (4 units)
Description:  Basic concepts of the immune system. Presentation of the roles of antigen, immunoglobulins, complement, lymphokines and role of immune cells play in humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to:  MIC 519; MIC is home department.
Usually offered:  Fall.

IMB 520 -- Pathogenic Bacteriology  (3 units)
Description:  Etiology and pathogenesis of bacterial diseases in humans, domestic animals, and wildlife.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to:  MIC 520; MIC is home department.
Usually offered:  Spring.

IMB 523 -- Mechanisms of Disease  (5 units)
Description:  Comparative general pathology of animal and selected human diseases with emphasis on pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and morphologic and biochemical changes at the macroscopic, microscopic and molecular levels. Recitation will stress general mechanisms of disease common to all mammalian species, with focus on tissue injury and adaptation; inflammation and repair; and disorders of circulation, immunity, and cell growth, including neoplasia. Laboratory will reinforce recitation and stress practical, hands-on recognition of disease in organs and tissues at the gross and microscopic levels. Available for honors credit. Graduate-level requirements include preparation of a research proposal on a selected relevant topic and critical analysis of selected publications from the current literature.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to:  V SC 523; V SC is home department.
Usually offered:  Spring.

IMB 525 -- Environmental Microbiology  (3 units)
Description:  Current concepts in water quality, aerobiology and microbial biogeochemistry. Graduate-level requirements include extra journal readings and more comprehensive exams.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to:  SWES 525; SWES is home department.
Usually offered:  Fall.

IMB 526 -- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory  (2 units)
Description:  Basic techniques for isolation and characterization of environmental soil and water microflora including methods for enumeration and measurement of physiological activity. Graduate-level requirements include additional assignments.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Special course fee required:  $10.
Identical to:  SWES 526; SWES is home department.
Usually offered:  Fall.

IMB 527L -- General Mycology Lab  (2 units)
Description:  General mycology laboratory, with emphasis on the microfungi.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  or Concurrent registration, IMB 527R.
Usually offered:  Fall.

IMB 527R -- General Mycology  (3 units)
Description:  General mycology, with emphasis on the microfungi.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall.

IMB 529 -- General Virology  (3 units)
Description:  Essential features of the viruses, including structure, gene expression and life cycle. Introduction to pathogenesis with respect to humans, other animals, and plants.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  CHEM 241B, CHEM 243B; MCB 411 suggested.
Identical to:  MCB 529, V SC 529.
Usually offered:  Spring.

IMB 530 -- Introduction to Biophysics  (2 units)
Description:  Concepts and experimental techniques of molecular biophysics; physical properties of biological macromolecules and cell organelles, optical interactions, macromolecular transitions, molecular mechanism or regulation. Graduate-level requirements include extra assignments.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to:  PHYS 530; PHYS is home department.
Usually offered:  Fall.

IMB 533 -- Medical and Molecular Virology  (4 units)
Description:  Structure, classification, replication, and mechanisms of pathogenesis of human and animal viruses. Graduate-level requirements include an additional discussion hour per week.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to:  MIC 533; MIC is home department.
Usually offered:  Fall.

IMB 538 -- Ecology of Infectious Disease  (3 units)
Description:  Ecology of the major infectious diseases of humans and animals. Term paper required for graduate credit.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to:  MIC 538; MIC is home department.
Usually offered:  Spring.

IMB 540 -- Biodegradation of Pollutants in Soil and Groundwater  (3 units)
Description:  Description of modern pollution problems and potential biological remediation techniques focusing on the chemistry, biochemistry and molecular biology of biodegradation of hazardous and toxic compounds. Graduate-level requirements include analysis and oral presentation of a remediation case study and more comprehensive exams.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to:  SWES 540; SWES is home department.
Usually offered:  Spring.

IMB 543 -- Research Animal Methods  (3 units)
Description:  Regulations, care, diseases and techniques involving common laboratory animals used in research and teaching programs. Graduate-level requirements include an in-depth research paper on one of the lecture topics presented in the course plus research proposal preparation.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to:  V SC 543; V SC is home department.
Usually offered:  Fall.

IMB 546 -- Environmental Biotechnology  (2 units)
Description:  Molecular methods for detection of microorganisms in the environment. Fate and survival of introduced organisms in the environment. Molecular mechanisms of microbial inactivation in waste treatment systems and microbial risk assessment.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  SWES 525.
Identical to:  SWES 546; SWES is home department.
Usually offered:  Spring.

IMB 551 -- Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis  (3 units)
Description:  Physical and chemical carcinogenesis. Special emphasis will be upon molecular aspects of the interaction of the carcinogenic agents with mammalian cells and the subsequent mutagenic and metabolic consequences of such interactions. The topics of oncogene activation and tumor suppressor gene inactivation induced by carcinogens during multi-stage carcinogenesis will be emphasized. The molecular biology techniques used in the study of carcinogenesis will also be covered.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  consent of department.
Identical to:  CBIO 551; CBIO is home department.
Usually offered:  Fall.

IMB 552 -- Molecular Mechanisms of Microbial Pathogenesis  (3 units)
Description:  Review of current concepts in specific areas of microbial pathogenesis, including action of exo- and endotoxins, cell surface interactions, phagocytosis and host microbicidal functions.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  BIOC 460.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

IMB 554 -- Host-Microbial Interactions  (3 units)
Description:  Review of bacterial-host interactions with the emphasis on mucosal immunity following bacterial infection. Important issues such as molecular mechanisms of virulence factors, bacterial resistance to host factors, immune modulation, and regulation of the host response to bacterial assault will be discussed. Graduate-level requirements include a five-page proposal.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to:  MIC 554; MIC is home department.
Usually offered:  Spring.

IMB 555 -- Cancer Therapeutics  (3 units)
Description:  Fundamental biological aspects of physical, chemical and biological therapies for cancer.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to:  CBIO 555; CBIO is home department.
Usually offered:  Spring.

IMB 560 -- Development of the Immune System  (4 units)
Description:  Developmental biology of T cells and B cells. Negative selection (tolerance induction) during the differentiation of T cells and B cells as mediated by T cell receptors and immunoglobulin receptors, respectively. Development of major histocompatability complex antigen restriction (positive selection) during differentiation of T cells in the thymus. Regulation of positive and negative selection in health and disease (autoimmunity).
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

IMB 560A -- Development of the Immune System: Its Effect On Autoimmunity  (3 units)
Description:  Developmental biology of T cells and B cells. Negative selection (tolerance induction) during the differentiation of T cells and B cells as mediated by T cell receptors and immunoglobulin receptors, respectively. Development of major histocompatability complex antigen restriction (positive selection) during differentiation of T cells in the thymus. Regulation of positive and negative selection in health and disease (autoimmunity).
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  IMB 561.
Usually offered:  Fall.

IMB 561 -- Immunobiology  (3 units)
Description:  Cells and cellular events involved in humoral and cell-mediated immune responses; morphologic, physiologic and biochemical characterizations of the lymphoreticular system.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  BIOC 462A.
Usually offered:  Spring.

IMB 562 -- Tumor Immunology  (3 units)
Description:  The immunological mechanisms involved in host responses to tumors, with emphasis on the delineation of cellular interactions between immune cells and tumor cells that may result in tumor progression or rejection.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to:  CBIO 562.
Usually offered:  Fall.

IMB 563 -- Interactions of Pathogenic Bacteria with the Host  (3 units)
Description:  The course will focus on bacterial-host interactions with emphasis on the molecular virulence mechanisms of bacteria and the host cellular response following bacterial infection.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall.

IMB 570 -- Molecular Genetics  (3 units)
Description:  Molecular genetics and biology of microorganisms, and the application of principles derived from microorganisms to major unsolved problems in medicine, such as the primary causes of aging and cancer. Specific topics include the molecular biology of bacterial viruses, the mechanisms of DNA replication, DNA repair, mutation and genetic recombination. Other topics are the evolution of sexual reproduction, the role of DNA damage and repair in aging, and the role of DNA damage, mutation and apoptosis in progression to cancer.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to:  CBA 570; CBA is home department.
Usually offered:  Fall.

IMB 580 -- Molecular Virology  (3 units)
Description:  The current status of basic research in virology at the molecular level.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  MIC 411 or MIC 433.
Usually offered:  Spring.

IMB 582 -- Immunotoxicology and Immunopharmacology  (3 units)
Description:  Broad overview of the immune system, with emphasis on how chemicals affect the immune system (immunomodulation) and the role of the immune system in chemical-induced tissue injury/allergic responses.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  MIC 419 or equivalent.
Identical to:  PHCL 582; PHCL is home department.
Usually offered:  Fall.

IMB 589 -- Cancer Genetics  (3 units)
Description:  Understanding of correlations of molecular biology/chromosomal change in human cancer and the role of genetic change in progression and metastasis of cancer.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  ECOL 320, MCB 320.
May be repeated:  for credit 1 time (maximum 2 enrollments).
Identical to:  CBIO 589; CBIO is home department.
Usually offered:  Fall.

IMB 593 -- Internship  (1-6 units)
Description:  Specialized work on an individual basis, consisting of training and practice in actual service in a technical, business, or governmental establishment.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
May be repeated:  an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

IMB 596A -- Current Problems in Molecular Biophysics  (1 unit)
Description:  The development and exchange of scholarly information, usually in a small group setting. The scope of work shall consist of research by course registrants, with the exchange of the results of such research through discussion, reports, and/or papers.
Grading:  Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
Identical to:  PHYS 596A; PHYS is home department.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

IMB 599 -- Independent Study  (1-6 units)
Description:  Qualified students working on an individual basis with professors who have agreed to supervise such work. Graduate students doing independent work which cannot be classified as actual research will register for credit under course number 599, 699, or 799.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
May be repeated:  an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

IMB 630 -- Experimental Methods for Research  (4 units)
Description:  Hands-on techniques necessary for pursuing a research career in Microbiology and Immunology.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  IMB 501A, IMB 501B, IMB 560 or IMB 561; MIC 419, BIOC 460, consult department before enrolling.
Identical to:  V SC 630.
Usually offered:  Spring.

IMB 693 -- Internship  (1-6 units)
Description:  Specialized work on an individual basis, consisting of training and practice in actual service in a technical, business, or governmental establishment.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

IMB 695B -- Immunopathology  (1 unit)
Description:  contact department.
Grading:  Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall.

IMB 695C -- Readings in Cancer Immunology  (1-2 units)
Description:  This course will focus on the analysis and discussion of current basic and clinical immunological studies of cancer in the literature and on the search for ways to control the disease. Immunological surveillance plays an important role in cancer. Dysregulation of the immune system contributes to the poorer outcome in the disease.
Grading:  Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  MIC 419.
Identical to:  CBIO 695C, PCOL 695C.
Usually offered:  Spring.

IMB 695D -- Molecular and Cellular Immunology  (1 unit)
Description:  contact department.
Grading:  Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

IMB 695F -- Tumor Virology  (1 unit)
Description:  contact department.
Grading:  Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
Usually offered:  Spring.

IMB 695G -- Host-Parasite Interactions  (1 unit)
Description:  contact department.
Grading:  Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
May be repeated:  for credit 1 time (maximum 2 enrollments).
Usually offered:  Spring.

IMB 695I -- Immunology Data Analysis  (1 unit)
Description:  contact department.
Grading:  Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall.

IMB 695J -- Molecular and Cellular Bacterial Pathogenesis  (1-2 units)
Description:  Class will review the latest trends in bacterial pathogenesis in a small group setting.
Grading:  Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
May be repeated:  for credit 1 time (maximum 2 enrollments).
Usually offered:  Fall.

IMB 695K -- Readings in Immunology  (1 unit)
Description:  contact department.
Grading:  Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

IMB 696A -- Research Seminar  (1 unit)
Description:  The development and exchange of scholarly information, usually in a small group setting. The scope of work shall consist of research by course registrants, with the exchange of the results of such research through discussion, reports, and/or papers. Only advanced Immunobiology graduate students within one year of graduation should enroll in this course with the course director's approval. Regular grades will be awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Grading:  Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  Only advanced Immunobiology graduate students within one year of graduation should enroll in this course with the consent of the course director.
May be repeated:  for credit 1 time (maximum 2 enrollments).
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

IMB 696B -- Student Research Seminar  (1 unit)
Description:  The development and exchange of scholarly information, usually in a small group setting. The scope of work shall consist of research by course registrants, with the exchange of the results of such research through discussion, reports, and/or papers. All Immunobiology graduate students are required to enroll in this course for each semester they are in the program unless enrolled in IMB 696A Research Seminar.
Grading:  Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
May be repeated:  for a total of 20 units of credit.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

IMB 699 -- Independent Study  (1-5 units)
Description:  Qualified students working on an individual basis with professors who have agreed to supervise such work. Graduate students doing independent work which cannot be classified as actual research will register for credit under course number 599, 699, or 799.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
May be repeated:  an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

For descriptions of medical student electives, see the College of Medicine Electives Manual.

IMB 800 -- Research  (1-16 units)
Description:  contact department.
Grading:  Medical grades are awarded for this course: S P F K.
Prerequisite(s):  consent of instructor and coordinator.
May be repeated:  an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered:  Fall.

IMB 801A -- Medical Microbiology  (3 units)
Description:  The biological characteristics of microorganisms of importance in human health and disease; the reaction of the host to infectious agents and the mechanisms of host defense; diagnosis and management of infectious disease. Lectures, discussions, demonstrations and laboratory experiments. This is a two-semester course with both semesters required to be taken consecutively (801A-801B) in order to receive a final grade.
Grading:  Medical grades are awarded for this course: S P F K.
Prerequisite(s):  BIOC 462A, BIOC 462B or equivalent.
Usually offered:  Fall.

IMB 801B -- Medical Microbiology  (3 units)
Description:  The biological characteristics of microorganisms of importance in human health and disease; the reaction of the host to infectious agents and the mechanisms of host defense; diagnosis and management of infectious disease. Lectures, discussions, demonstrations and laboratory experiments. This is a two-semester course with both semesters required to be taken consecutively (801A-801B) in order to receive a final grade.
Grading:  Medical grades are awarded for this course: S P F K.
Prerequisite(s):  BIOC 462A, BIOC 462B or equivalent; IMB 801A.
Usually offered:  Spring.

IMB 891A -- Microbiology and Immunology  (1-16 units)
Description:  Specialized work on an individual basis, consisting of instruction and practice in actual service in a department, program, or discipline. Teaching formats may include seminars, in-depth studies, laboratory work and patient study.
Grading:  Medical grades are awarded for this course: S P F K.
May be repeated:  for a total of 16 units of credit.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

IMB 899 -- Independent Study  (1-16 units)
Description:  The goal of this elective is to allow the student to work with a particular faculty member in pursuit of a particular field of study in microbiology and immunology.
Grading:  Medical grades are awarded for this course: S P F K.
Prerequisite(s):  IMB 501A or IMB 801A.
May be repeated:  an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring, Summer.

IMB 900 -- Research  (1-6 units)
Description:  Individual research, not related to thesis or dissertation preparation, by graduate students.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E K.
May be repeated:  an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring, Summer.

IMB 909 -- Master's Report  (1-6 units)
Description:  Individual study or special project or formal report thereof submitted in lieu of thesis for certain master's degrees.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P E K.
May be repeated:  an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring, Summer.

IMB 910 -- Thesis  (1-6 units)
Description:  Research for the master's thesis (whether library research, laboratory or field observation or research, artistic creation, or thesis writing). Maximum total credit permitted varies with the major department.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P E K.
May be repeated:  an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring, Summer.

IMB 920 -- Dissertation  (1-9 units)
Description:  Research for the doctoral dissertation (whether library research, laboratory or field observation or research, artistic creation, or dissertation writing).
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P E K.
May be repeated:  an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring, Summer.

IMB 930 -- Supplementary Registration  (1-9 units)
Description:  For students who have completed all course requirements for their advanced degree programs. May be used concurrently with other enrollments to bring to total number of units to the required minimum.
Grading:  a Grade of K is awarded for this course except for the final term.
May be repeated:  an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring, Summer.