Summer 2008 Course Descriptions

All courses below are approved to be taught in Summer 2008; however, some (or all) may not be offered.  The course numbers that are offered, in either Pre-Session, Summer I or Summer II, are linked to the Schedule of Classes. Classes with alternative delivery modes (Web based, cable TV, correspondence, etc) are noted in the Schedule at the section level.  The complete list below is a good indicator of what may be offered over the next few years (contact department about offerings).  For explanations of course elements see the Key to Course Descriptions.

Agricultural and Resource Economics (AREC)  Department Info

AREC 193 -- Internship  (1-8 units)
Description:  Specialized work on an individual basis, consisting of training and practice in actual service in a technical, business, or governmental establishment.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
May be repeated:  an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

AREC 195B -- Global Food Economics and Management  (1 unit)
Description:  Students are introduced to current economic and management issues in the global food industry, with special emphasis on food production and distribution in low-income countries. Classroom discussions, videos, and short writing assignments expose the student to poverty and hunger issues in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Attention is given to the analytical tools used in applied economics to analyze the challenges associated with alleviating poverty.  This is a First-Year Colloquium Course.
Grading:  Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall.

AREC 199 -- Independent Study  (1-3 units)
Description:  Qualified students working on an individual basis with professors who have agreed to supervise such work.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
May be repeated:  an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

AREC 217 -- Resources and Environmental Economics  (3 units)
Description:  Relationship between man and use of natural resources and environmental systems, with emphasis on the economic implications of alternative environmental, energy and land-use policies.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E. Available to qualified students for Pass/Fail Option.
Prerequisite(s):  ECON 200 or ECON 201A.
Identical to:  ECON 217.
Usually offered:  Fall.

AREC 293 -- Internship  (1-8 units)
Description:  Specialized work on an individual basis, consisting of training and practice in actual service in a technical, business, or governmental establishment.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

AREC 299 -- Independent Study  (1-3 units)
Description:  Qualified students working on an individual basis with professors who have agreed to supervise such work.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
May be repeated:  an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring, Summer.

AREC 299H -- Honors Independent Study  (1-3 units)
Description:  Qualified students working on an individual basis with professors who have agreed to supervise such work.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
May be repeated:  an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered:  Fall.

AREC 313 -- Economics of Futures Markets  (3 units)
Description:  Commodity and financial futures market participants, evolution, functions, performance, price determination, and regulation with hedging and speculative applications of futures and futures-options contracts.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E. Available to qualified students for Pass/Fail Option.
Prerequisite(s):  ECON 200 or ECON 201A.
Identical to:  ECON 313, FIN 313.
Usually offered:  Fall.

AREC 315 -- Agribusiness Economics and Management  (3 units)
Description:  Essential economic concepts and analytical tools for agribusiness managers are developed and applied to current business challenges and opportunities. Emphasis placed on decision tools, budgeting, forecasting, strategy, organization and relationship management.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  ECON 200 or ECON 201A.
Usually offered:  Fall.

AREC 339 -- Economic Statistics  (3 units)
Description:  Application and interpretation of statistical measures to problems in economics.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E. Available to qualified students for Pass/Fail Option.
Prerequisite(s):  MATH 113. Credit allowed for only one of these courses: AREC 339, ECON 376, MAP 376, MKTG 376.
Identical to:  ECON 339.
Usually offered:  Fall.

AREC 350 -- Economics, Ethics and Environmental Management  (3 units)
Description:  Critical analysis of environmental issues using political economy models. Integrates economic, ethical and political concepts in discussing conflicts surrounding food safety, endangered species, land use, and pollution issues.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  ECON 200 or ECON 201A or two courses from Tier One, Individuals and Societies (INDV 101, 102, 103).
Approved as:  General Education Tier Two - Individuals and Societies.
Usually offered:  Spring.

AREC 393 -- Internship  (1-8 units)
Description:  Specialized work on an individual basis, consisting of training and practice in actual service in a technical, business, or governmental establishment.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

AREC 399 -- Independent Study  (1-3 units)
Description:  Qualified students working on an individual basis with professors who have agreed to supervise such work.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
May be repeated:  an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

AREC 399H -- Honors Independent Study  (1-3 units)
Description:  Qualified students working on an individual basis with professors who have agreed to supervise such work.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
May be repeated:  an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring, Summer.

AREC 403 -- Marketing and Price Analysis  (3 units)
Description:  Market functions, costs, price indices, seasonality, marketing margins, commodity market models, price determination and price forecasting.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  ECON 300 or ECON 361; AREC 339.
Usually offered:  Spring.

AREC 404 -- Production Economic Analysis  (3 units)
Description:  Application of production economics principles and analytical techniques to the solution of agricultural economics problems.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  ECON 361 or ECON 300; MATH 113.
Usually offered:  Fall.

AREC 450 -- Financial Management for Agribusiness  (3 units)
Description:  Application of financial management principals and tools to challenges and opportunities facing agribusiness firms. Emphasis is placed on the acquisition, allocation, control and transfer of capital resources.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  ECON 300 or ECON 361; 3 units of accounting.
Identical to:  RCSC 450.
May be convened with:  AREC 550.
Usually offered:  Spring.

AREC 451 -- Marketing Strategy  (3 units)
Description:  Marketing experience that examines the marketing mix in the context of the multidimensional external environment relying substantially on the case study approach. The phases of analysis, planning, implementation, and control of the marketing function are covered.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  BNAD 303 or MKTG 361.
Identical to:  RCSC 451; RCSC is home department.
Usually offered:  Fall.

AREC 464 -- Economics of Policy Analysis  (3 units)
Description:  Applied economic theory and method of policy analysis and public choice. Emphasis is on policies impacting agriculture and rural America-especially historical and continuing government intervention in agricultural markets.  This is a Writing Emphasis Course.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  satisfaction of the Mid-Career Writing Assessment (MCWA) or the former upper-division writing proficiency requirement (UDWPE); ECON 300 or ECON 361; MATH 113.
Usually offered:  Fall.

AREC 471 -- Problems in Regional Development  (3 units)
Description:  Topical issues in regional development, with emphasis on policy in diverse contexts and case study analysis.  This is a Writing Emphasis Course.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  satisfaction of the Mid-Career Writing Assessment (MCWA) or the former upper-division writing proficiency requirement (UDWPE).
Identical to:  GEOG 471; GEOG is home department.
May be convened with:  AREC 571.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

AREC 476 -- Environmental Law and Economics  (3 units)
Description:  A complex set of laws has developed to control the environmental risks posed by potentially polluting activities. In this course, a survey and an economic evaluation are presented of major environmental legislation designed to protect air, land and water resource quality.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  ECON 300 or ECON 361.
Identical to:  RNR 476, HWR 476.
Usually offered:  Spring.

AREC 478 -- Economics of the Natural Environment  (3 units)
Description:  Economics is used to study the allocation, management, and ownership of such natural resources as air, fisheries, forests, global resources, minerals, natural areas, oil & gas, water, and wildlife. The course is comprised of theoretical models and detailed applications – including the relationship between economic development and environment, the economics of climate change, and the economics of public land management. Emphasis is placed on the causes and effects of alternative institutions governing the use of the natural environment with a focus on property rights, legal rules, regulations, and administrative agencies.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  AREC 339, ECON 361.
Identical to:  ECON 478.
Usually offered:  Spring.

AREC 479 -- Economics of Water Management and Policy  (3 units)
Description:  This course focuses on economic tools and methods useful to water managers and policymakers. Case studies focus on water supply and demand, pricing and transactions, river basin management, recreation and environmental uses, inter-jurisdictional conflicts.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  One full semester of natural resource economics or microeconomics (AREC 217 or ECON 201A; ECON 361 or equivalent. Calculus (MATH 113, MATH 124 or MATH 125) or equivalent.
Identical to:  GEOG 479, HWR 479, RNR 479, SWES 479.
Usually offered:  Spring.

AREC 493 -- Internship  (1-3 units)
Description:  Specialized work on an individual basis, consisting of training and practice in actual service in a technical, business, or governmental establishment.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
May be repeated:  an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring, Summer.

AREC 493H -- Honors Internship  (1-3 units)
Description:  Specialized work on an individual basis, consisting of training and practice in actual service in a technical, business, or governmental establishment. This is an honors section and will have additional report writing required with the internship. Structure to be determined by coordinating faculty member.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
May be repeated:  for credit 1 time (maximum 2 enrollments).
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring, Summer.

AREC 493L -- Legislative Internship  (1-12 units)
Description:  Working experience at the Arizona State Legislature; responsibilities draw upon student's area of major expertise and include preparing written and oral reports, summarizing legislative proposals, and providing information to legislators and legislative committees.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
May be repeated:  an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered:  Spring.

AREC 494R -- Research  (3 units)
Description:  The practical application, on an individual basis, of previously studied theory and the collection of data for future theoretical interpretation.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  ENGL 101 and MATH 110 and ABE 120 or consent of instructor.
May be repeated:  for credit 1 time (maximum 2 enrollments).
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

AREC 496A -- Structure, Management and Performance of American Agriculture  (3 units)
Temporary course:  offered during Summer 2008 only.
Description:  In a seminar setting, students will study and discuss the current economic and management issues surrounding America’s modern agricultural sector. Special attention will be given to topics of competitiveness, structure, organization, and strategy using an economics analytical framework.
Grading:  Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
Course includes 1 or more field trips.
Prerequisite(s):  Students must take ECON 200 or ECON 201A. All students are expected to actively participate in the six-day field trip to the Central Valley of California.

AREC 498 -- Senior Capstone  (1-3 units)
Description:  A culminating experience for majors involving a substantive project that demonstrates a synthesis of learning accumulated in the major, including broadly comprehensive knowledge of the discipline and its methodologies. Senior standing required.
Grading:  Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

AREC 498H -- Honors Thesis  (3 units)
Description:  An honors thesis is required of all the students graduating with honors. Students ordinarily sign up for this course as a two-semester sequence. The first semester the student performs research under the supervision of a faculty member; the second semester the student writes an honors thesis.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
May be repeated:  for a total of 9 units of credit.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring, Summer.

AREC 499 -- Independent Study  (1-5 units)
Description:  Qualified students working on an individual basis with professors who have agreed to supervise such work.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
May be repeated:  an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring, Summer.

AREC 499H -- Honors Independent Study  (1-3 units)
Description:  Qualified students working on an individual basis with professors who have agreed to supervise such work.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
May be repeated:  an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring, Summer.

AREC 504 -- Production Economics  (3 units)
Description:  Theory of the firm and industry; single and multiple products; risk and uncertainty.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  ECON 300 or ECON 361; MATH 113.
May be repeated:  for a total of 6 units of credit.
Identical to:  ECON 504.
Usually offered:  Fall.

AREC 512 -- Economic Policy in Developing Countries  (3 units)
Description:  [Taught alternate years 2002-2003]. The role of policies in economic growth and development. The impact of commodity, factor market and macroeconomic policies on economic incentives.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  ECON 361, MATH 113.
Identical to:  ECON 512, ARL 512.
Usually offered:  Spring.

AREC 513 -- Consumption Economics and Price Analysis  (3 units)
Description:  Theory of the consumer, demand, and market equilibrium, and welfare analysis.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  ECON 361, MATH 113.
May be repeated:  for a total of 6 units of credit.
Identical to:  ECON 513.
Usually offered:  Spring.

AREC 514 -- Cost-Benefit Analysis  (3 units)
Description:  Theoretical bases and empirical techniques. Consumer-producer surplus; social and private costs; macroeconomic distortions; non-market goods; uses in policy analysis.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  ECON 361, MATH 113.
Identical to:  RNR 514, ECON 514.
Usually offered:  Spring.

AREC 516 -- Microeconomics of Agricultural Development  (3 units)
Description:  Economics of farm- and household-level decision making. Study input and output markets, technology adoption and social economics in lower-income countries.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to:  ECON 516.
Usually offered:  Fall.

AREC 517 -- Introductory Mathematical Statistics for Economists  (3 units)
Description:  This course covers the basic mathematical statistics topics necessary for a deep understanding of applied econometrics. Topics include random variables probability theory, probability and density functions, sampling hypothesis testing, and point and interval estimation.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to:  ECON 517.
Usually offered:  Fall.

AREC 549 -- Applied Econometric Analysis  (3 units)
Description:  Econometric model-building, estimation, forecasting and simulation for problems in agricultural and resource economics. Applications with actual data and models emphasized.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  ECON 518.
Identical to:  ECON 549; ECON is home department.
Usually offered:  Spring.

AREC 550 -- Financial Management for Agribusiness  (3 units)
Description:  Application of financial management principals and tools to challenges and opportunities facing agribusiness firms. Emphasis is placed on the acquisition, allocation, control and transfer of capital resources. Graduate-level requirements include a research paper of publishable quality which analyzes a current financial issue or problem in the agricultural sector and selected readings in professional journals.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to:  RCSC 550.
May be convened with:  AREC 450.
Usually offered:  Spring.

AREC 559 -- Advanced Applied Econometrics  (4 units)
Description:  Emphasis in the course is on econometric model specification, estimation, inference, forecasting, and simulation. Applications with actual data and modeling techniques are emphasized.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Course includes 1 or more field trips.
Prerequisite(s):  AREC 517, ECON 518, ECON 549.
Typical structure:  3 hours lecture, 1 hour discussion.
Usually offered:  Fall.

AREC 560 -- Industrial Organization  (3 units)
Description:  Structure, conduct, and performance of American industry; governmental institutions and policies affecting business. Graduate-level requirements include an applied research project that examines the impact of public policy on industry performance.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  ECON 500.
Identical to:  ECON 560; ECON is home department.
Usually offered:  Fall.

AREC 571 -- Problems in Regional Development  (3 units)
Description:  Topical issues in regional development, with emphasis on policy in diverse contexts and case study analysis. Graduate-level requirements include the completion of an original research paper on an approved topic.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to:  GEOG 571; GEOG is home department.
May be convened with:  AREC 471.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

AREC 575 -- Economic Evaluation of Water and Environmental Policy  (3 units)
Description:  Theory and application of economic concepts needed to evaluate water and environmental laws and policies; including benefit cost analysis, externalities, public goods and valuation methodologies. Case studies include federal, state, tribal and international water and environmental policies.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  ECON 300 or ECON 361.
Identical to:  ARL 575, ECON 575, GEOG 575, HWR 575, RNR 575.
Usually offered:  Fall.

AREC 576 -- Natural Resource Law and Economics  (3 units)
Description:  Advanced economic and legal analysis of environmental and natural resource policies.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  ECON 361, MATH 113.
Identical to:  HWR 576, ECON 576, RNR 576.
Usually offered:  Spring.

AREC 577 -- Advanced Topics In the Economics of Environmental Regulation  (3 units)
Description:  Advanced economic theory of environmental policy. Topics include regulation of air and water pollution under imperfect competition, imperfect information, costly enforcement, uncertainty, and the use of alternative regulatory instruments.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  MATH 113, ECON 361.
Identical to:  HWR 577, ECON 577, WS M 577.
Usually offered:  Fall.

AREC 580 -- Mathematics for Economists  (2 units)
Description:  Intensive course in essential mathematics for entering graduate students in the M.S. and Ph.D. programs in Economics and Agricultural and Resource Economics. Topics covered include matrix algebra, functions, limits, differentiation, comparative statistics, and constrained and unconstrained optimization.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to:  ECON 580.
Usually offered:  Summer.

AREC 593 -- Internship  (1-6 units)
Description:  Specialized work on an individual basis, consisting of training and practice in actual service in a technical, business, or governmental establishment.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
May be repeated:  an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

AREC 593L -- Legislative Internship  (1-12 units)
Description:  Working experience at the Arizona State Legislature; responsibilities draw upon student's area of major expertise and include preparing written and oral reports, summarizing legislative proposals, and providing information to legislators and legislative committees.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
May be repeated:  an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

AREC 596A -- Agricultural and Resource Economics  (1 unit)
Description:  The development and exchange of scholarly information, usually in a small group setting. The scope of work shall consist of research by course registrants, with the exchange of the results of such research through discussion, reports, and/or papers.
Grading:  Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
May be repeated:  for a total of 6 units of credit.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

AREC 599 -- Independent Study  (1-6 units)
Description:  Qualified students working on an individual basis with professors who have agreed to supervise such work. Graduate students doing independent work which cannot be classified as actual research will register for credit under course number 599, 699, or 799.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
May be repeated:  an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring, Summer.

AREC 660 -- Natural Resources Law  (3 units)
Description:  This course provides an overview of the legal (and non-legal) regimes that govern the acquisition and control of natural resources, using economic analysis as the principle analytical framework. The course examines the history of the federal public domain, including statehood grants, homestead acts, and the creation of national forests, national parks, national wildlife refuges, and the Bureau of Land Management system. The course provides an introduction to the common law and federal statutory control of specific resources including water, wildlife including endangered species, hard rock minerals, oil and gas, marine fisheries, and public lands dominated by recreational and/or preservation uses.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to:  LAW 660; LAW is home department.
Usually offered:  Spring.

AREC 693 -- Internship  (1-8 units)
Description:  Specialized work on an individual basis, consisting of training and practice in actual service in a technical, business, or governmental establishment.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

AREC 697S -- Economics, Law and Environment  (1 unit)
Description:  The Economics, Law and Environment Workshop (ELE Workshop) is intended to expose students and participating faculty members to a broad range of original research in the area of overlap between law, economics and environmental issues. The Workshop will consist of six meetings during which leading scholars in the field will present their research for discussion and critique by the enrolled students and participating faculty. The Workshop is part of the broader Program on Economics, Law and the Environment, a research and educational collaboration between the College of Law and the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to:  LAW 697S; LAW is home department.
Usually offered:  Spring.

AREC 699 -- Independent Study  (1-3 units)
Description:  Qualified students working on an individual basis with professors who have agreed to supervise such work. Graduate students doing independent work which cannot be classified as actual research will register for credit under course number 599, 699, or 799.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
May be repeated:  an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring, Summer.

AREC 900 -- Research  (1-8 units)
Description:  Individual research, not related to thesis or dissertation preparation, by graduate students.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E K.
May be repeated:  an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring, Summer.

AREC 909 -- Master's Report  (1-8 units)
Description:  Individual study or special project or formal report thereof submitted in lieu of thesis for certain master's degrees.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P E K.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring, Summer.

AREC 910 -- Thesis  (1-8 units)
Description:  Research for the master's thesis (whether library research, laboratory or field observation or research, artistic creation, or thesis writing). Maximum total credit permitted varies with the major department.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P E K.
May be repeated:  an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring, Summer.

AREC 920 -- Dissertation  (1-9 units)
Description:  Research for the doctoral dissertation (whether library research, laboratory or field observation or research, artistic creation, or dissertation writing).
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P E K.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring, Summer.

AREC 930 -- Supplementary Registration  (1-9 units)
Description:  For students who have completed all course requirements for their advanced degree programs. May be used concurrently with other enrollments to bring to total number of units to the required minimum.
Grading:  Grade of K is awarded for this course except for the final term.
May be repeated:  an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring, Summer.