Winter 07/Spring 08 Course Descriptions

All courses below are approved to be taught in Winter 2007 and Spring 2008; however, some (or all) may not be offered in either term.  The courses that are offered in Spring link to the Schedule of Classes.  Classes with alternative delivery modes (Web based, cable TV, correspondence, etc) are noted in the Schedule at the section level.  The complete list below is a good indicator of what may be offered over the next few years (contact department about offerings).  For explanations of course elements see the Key to Course Descriptions.

Physical Education (PE )  Department Info

PE 201 -- Using Physical Activity to Explore the Human Body  (3 units)
Description:  Using physical activity to understand human biological functioning. Topics include benefits of physical activity in improving human biological functioning from the cellular to systems level. An emphasis will be placed on physiological experiments that influence students lives.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Approved as:  General Education Tier Two - Natural Sciences.
Usually offered:  Spring.

PE 208 -- Aerobic Dance Fitness  (1 unit)
Description:  Development of knowledge and skill competencies necessary for teaching activity, with emphasis on skill progressions, practice opportunities, and error diagnosis and correction.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 211 -- Badminton  (1 unit)
Description:  Development of knowledge and skill competencies necessary for teaching activity, with emphasis on skill progressions, practice opportunities, and error diagnosis and correction.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 213 -- Basketball  (2 units)
Description:  Development of knowledge and skill competencies necessary for teaching activity, with emphasis on skill progressions, practice opportunities, and error diagnosis and correction.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 214 -- Cooperative Activity Learning  (1 unit)
Description:  Development of knowledge and skill competencies necessary for teaching activity, with emphasis on skill progressions, practice opportunities, and error diagnosis and correction.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 218 -- Football  (1 unit)
Description:  Development of knowledge and skill competencies necessary for teaching activity, with emphasis on skill progressions, practice opportunities, and error diagnosis and correction.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 219 -- Golf  (1 unit)
Description:  Development of knowledge and skill competencies necessary for teaching activity, with emphasis on skill progressions, practice opportunities, and error diagnosis and correction.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 221 -- Women's Gymnastics  (2 units)
Description:  Development of knowledge and skill competencies necessary for teaching activity, with emphasis on skill progressions, practice opportunities, and error diagnosis and correction.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 223 -- Handball-Racquetball  (1 unit)
Description:  Development of knowledge and skill competencies necessary for teaching activity, with emphasis on skill progressions, practice opportunities, and error diagnosis and correction.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 225 -- Soccer  (2 units)
Description:  Development of knowledge and skill competencies necessary for teaching activity, with emphasis on skill progressions, practice opportunities, and error diagnosis and correction.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 227 -- Softball  (1 unit)
Description:  Development of knowledge and skill competencies necessary for teaching activity, with emphasis on skill progressions, practice opportunities, and error diagnosis and correction.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 228 -- Strength and Conditioning Training  (1 unit)
Description:  Development of knowledge and skill competencies necessary for teaching activity, with emphasis on skill progressions, practice opportunities, and error diagnosis and correction.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall.

PE 229 -- Swimming-Lifeguard Training  (2 units)
Description:  Development of knowledge and skill competencies necessary for teaching activity, with emphasis on skill progressions, practice opportunities, and error diagnosis and correction.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 230 -- Tennis  (2 units)
Description:  Development of knowledge and skill competencies necessary for teaching activity, with emphasis on skill progressions, practice opportunities, and error diagnosis and correction.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 231 -- Track and Field  (2 units)
Description:  Development of knowledge and skill competencies necessary for teaching activity, with emphasis on skill progressions, practice opportunities, and error diagnosis and correction.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall.

PE 232 -- Volleyball  (2 units)
Description:  Development of knowledge and skill competencies necessary for teaching activity, with emphasis on skill progressions, practice opportunities, and error diagnosis and correction.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 260 -- Water Safety Instructor  (2 units)
Description:  American Red Cross Water Safety Instructor Certificate will be issued to those students qualifying.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  current advanced lifesaving certificate.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 261 -- Advanced First Aid and Emergency Care  (2 units)
Description:  Instruction in first-aid and emergency care procedures. The American Red Cross Advanced First Aid and Emergency Care Certificate will be awarded to those students qualifying.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 267 -- Controlling Stress and Tension  (2 units)
Description:  Psychophysiology of stress and its relationship to health, with emphasis on identifying and understanding personal stress patterns and learning appropriate stress management techniques such as relaxation, cognitive intervention strategies, meditation, autogenic training, and physical activity.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring, Summer.

PE 279 -- Motor Development  (2 units)
Description:  Developmental changes in motor patterns of children and adults; methods of diagnostic evaluation of motor skill performance and the selection of appropriate movement experiences.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 280 -- Fundamentals of Exercise and Health  (3 units)
Description:  This course is designed to develop an understanding of how the various systems of the body interact to help adapt to exercise and movement. Topics are specifically designed to provide Physical Education majors with the basic understanding of the structure and function of the human anatomy and physiology with an emphasis on direct application to their professional development.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Usually offered:  Spring, Summer.

PE 285 -- Principles of Teaching Physical Activities  (2 units)
Description:  General principles and practical experiences related to analysis of movement skills, correction of movement errors, and pre-instructional planning applied specifically to teaching physical activities.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  open only to majors in third year.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 293 -- Internship  (1-3 units)
Description:  Specialized work on an individual basis, consisting of training and practice in actual service in a technical, business, or governmental establishment.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 294 -- Practicum  (1-3 units)
Description:  The practical application, on an individual basis, of previously studied theory and the collection of data for future theoretical interpretation.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring, Summer.

PE 294A -- Movement Experiences for Children  (1 unit)
Description:  The practical application, on an individual basis, of previously studied theory and the collection of data for future theoretical interpretation.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  PE 279, PE 285.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring, Summer.

PE 299 -- Independent Study  (1-3 units)
Description:  Qualified students working on an individual basis with professors who have agreed to supervise such work.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 299H -- Honors Independent Study  (1-3 units)
Description:  Qualified students working on an individual basis with professors who have agreed to supervise such work.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 320 -- Psychological Foundations for Exercise and Sport  (3 units)
Description:  Examines principles of motor learning and performance; psychological factors such as personality, anxiety, and motivation which influence learning and performance; and psychology of exercise.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  PSYC 101.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 350 -- Movement Experiences for Elementary School Children  (2 units)
Description:  Development of knowledge and skill competencies necessary for teaching fundamental movements, rhythms and dance, gymnastics, games and sports to children.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  open to physical education majors only.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 351 -- Elementary School Physical Education  (2 units)
Description:  Purposes and practices of physical education at the elementary school level; instruction in recommended activities; teaching and evaluation techniques; class organization.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 352 -- Teaching Physical Education in the Middle School  (3 units)
Description:  Theory and methods of providing movement experiences for middle school students. Emphasis on curriculum development, methods of teaching, class organization, management, routines, assessment techniques and appropriate teaching styles for middle school students
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  PE 285, PE 279, PE 294A, PE 350, PE 360, PE 452.
Typical structure:  3 hours laboratory, 1 hour lecture.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 353 -- Movement experiences for Middle School Children  (3 units)
Description:  Practical application and instruction in appropriate activities for students in grades 5-8. Emphasis will be on tactical games, athletic games, sport communities, sport forms, adventure and trust activities and game modification and change.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  PE 279, PE 285, PE 294A, PE 350, PE 360, PE 452.
Typical structure:  3 hours laboratory, 1 hour lecture.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 354C -- Theory of Coaching: Basketball  (2 units)
Description:  Advanced instruction in sports common to secondary school curricula; teaching and coaching principles, advanced techniques, and organizational and practice methods.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  PE 213, PE 285 (not required for athletic coaching minor).
Usually offered:  Fall.

PE 354F -- Theory of Coaching: Softball  (2 units)
Description:  Advanced instruction in sports common to secondary school curricula; teaching and coaching principles, advanced techniques, and organizational and practice methods.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  PE 227, PE 285 (not required for athletic coaching minor).
Usually offered:  Fall.

PE 354G -- Theory of Coaching: Tennis  (2 units)
Description:  Advanced instruction in sports common to secondary school curricula; teaching and coaching principles, advanced techniques, and organizational and practice methods.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  PE 230, PE 285 (not required for athletic coaching minor).
Usually offered:  Spring.

PE 354I -- Theory of Coaching: Volleyball  (2 units)
Description:  Advanced instruction in sports common to secondary school curricula; teaching and coaching principles, advanced techniques, and organizational and practice methods.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  PE 232, PE 285 (not required for athletic coaching minor).
Usually offered:  Fall.

PE 354L -- Theory of Coaching: Track and Field/Cross Country  (2 units)
Description:  Advanced instruction in sports common to secondary school curricula; teaching and coaching principles, advanced techniques, and organizational and practice methods.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  PE 231, PE 285 (not required for athletic coaching minor).
Usually offered:  Spring.

PE 355 -- Teaching Physical Education in High School  (2 units)
Description:  Analysis of alternative models of teaching physical education; research of teaching physical education; and systematic analysis of physical education teacher effectiveness.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  or Concurrent registration, PE 285, PE 394B. Open to majors only.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 360 -- Functional Kinesiology  (3 units)
Description:  Anatomical and mechanical factors affecting human movement, particularly in sport and exercise situations.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  PSIO 201, PSIO 202, MATH 110.
Usually offered:  Spring.

PE 371A -- Adapted Physical Education  (3 units)
Description:  This course is designed to provide the knowledge and skills necessary to develop and implement adapted physical education programs for students with a variety of disabilities and as such be able to meet the unique needs of these students.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 373 -- Physiological Basis of Physical Education and Athletics  (2 units)
Description:  Physiological responses and adaptations to physical activity in various populations and environments; emphasizes fitness evaluation and application of training principles for exercise and sport.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  PSIO 201, PSIO 202, CHEM 103A, CHEM 104A, CHEM 104B; Concurrent registration, CHEM 103B.
Usually offered:  Fall.

PE 374 -- Physiological Basis of Physical Education and Athletics Lab  (1 unit)
Description:  contact department.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Usually offered:  Spring.

PE 377 -- Techniques in Prevention and Treatment of Athletic Injuries  (3 units)
Description:  Prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of athletic injuries; practical experience in application of preventive taping and bandaging.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  PSIO 201, PSIO 202.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 380 -- Motor Learning  (3 units)
Description:  Introductory investigation of principles underlying the production of skilled motor behavior, factors which determine the quality of motor performance, and how humans acquire and perfect motor skills.  This is a Writing Emphasis Course.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  satisfaction of the Mid-Career Writing Assessment (MCWA) or the former upper-division writing proficiency requirement (UDWPE); PE 360, PSYC 101.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 381 -- Measurement and Evaluation  (2 units)
Description:  Tests and measurements in physical education; data analysis techniques for test evaluation, test construction, and grading; experience with tests of fitness, sport skills, and sociometric measurements.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  open only to majors in third year.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 385 -- Principles of Athletic Coaching  (3 units)
Description:  Duties, responsibilities and ethics of the athletic coach; the role of interscholastic sport in public school settings with emphasis on administrative functions, legal liability, facilities coordination, and game and contest management.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  8 units of 200- or 300-level PE coursework.
Usually offered:  Spring.

PE 393 -- Internship  (1-3 units)
Description:  Specialized work on an individual basis, consisting of training and practice in actual service in a technical, business, or governmental establishment.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring, Summer.

PE 394 -- Practicum  (1-3 units)
Description:  The practical application, on an individual basis, of previously studied theory and the collection of data for future theoretical interpretation.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring, Summer.

PE 394A -- Athletic Coaching  (3 units)
Description:  The practical application, on an individual basis, of previously studied theory and the collection of data for future theoretical interpretation.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  PE 360, PE 373, PE 374, PE 377.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 394B -- Physical Education Teaching  (1 unit)
Description:  The practical application, on an individual basis, of previously studied theory and the collection of data for future theoretical interpretation.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  PE 285 and professional activities required.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 399 -- Independent Study  (1-3 units)
Description:  Qualified students working on an individual basis with professors who have agreed to supervise such work.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 399H -- Honors Independent Study  (1-3 units)
Description:  Qualified students working on an individual basis with professors who have agreed to supervise such work.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 410 -- Sport in Contemporary Society  (3 units)
Description:  Study of contemporary sport from the perspectives of its personal, social, cultural, economic and educational dimensions.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
May be convened with:  PE 510.
Usually offered:  Fall.

PE 452 -- Teaching Physical Education in the Elementary School  (3 units)
Description:  Theory and methods of providing movement experiences for young children; emphasis placed upon curriculum development, methods of teaching, class organization, and management. Practical experiences at the elementary level.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  PE 221, PE 231, PE 285, PE 350. Open to physical education majors only.
Usually offered:  Spring.

PE 493 -- Internship  (1-3 units)
Description:  Specialized work on an individual basis, consisting of training and practice in actual service in a technical, business, or governmental establishment.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
May be repeated:  an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring, Summer.

PE 494 -- Practicum  (1-3 units)
Description:  The practical application, on an individual basis, of previously studied theory and the collection of data for future theoretical interpretation.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring, Summer.

PE 497A -- Physical Education Student Teaching Forum  (1 unit)
Description:  The practical application of theoretical learning within a group setting and involving an exchange of ideas and practical methods, skills, and principles.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s):  TTE 493A or TTE 493B must be taken concurrently. Satisfaction of the upper-division writing-proficiency requirement. Open to physical education majors only.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 498 -- Senior Capstone  (1-3 units)
Description:  A culminating experience for majors involving a substantive project that demonstrates a synthesis of learning accumulated in the major, including broadly comprehensive knowledge of the discipline and its methodologies. Senior standing required.
Grading:  Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
May be repeated:  an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 498H -- Honors Thesis  (3 units)
Description:  An honors thesis is required of all the students graduating with honors. Students ordinarily sign up for this course as a two-semester sequence. The first semester the student performs research under the supervision of a faculty member; the second semester the student writes an honors thesis.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
May be repeated:  an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 499 -- Independent Study  (1-3 units)
Description:  Qualified students working on an individual basis with professors who have agreed to supervise such work.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 499H -- Honors Independent Study  (3 units)
Description:  Qualified students working on an individual basis with professors who have agreed to supervise such work.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 510 -- Sport in Contemporary Society  (3 units)
Description:  Study of contemporary sport from the perspectives of its personal, social, cultural, economic and educational dimensions. Graduate-level requirements include an in-depth research paper on one issue of contemporary sport.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
May be convened with:  PE 410.
Usually offered:  Fall.

PE 527 -- Psychology of Sport and Exercise  (3 units)
Description:  Examines the effects of motivation, personality, attitudes, competition and group dynamics on sport performance as well as the psychological effects of exercise, exercise adherence and exercise addiction.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to:  CPH 527.
Usually offered:  Fall.

PE 583 -- Medical Aspects of Sports Injuries  (3 units)
Description:  Common surgical procedures and post-surgical immobilization techniques used in the management of sports-related injuries; implications for post-surgical therapeutic exercise programs.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Usually offered:  Spring.

PE 584 -- Rehabilitation of Athletic Injuries  (3 units)
Description:  Principles in the planning and implementation of rehabilitation programs for injured athletes with emphasis on application of contemporary therapeutic exercise techniques.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Usually offered:  Spring.

PE 588 -- Legal Aspects of Sports Administration  (3 units)
Description:  Development of administrative and coaching techniques from the legal perspective. Analysis of personnel procedures, purchase of equipment, athletic associations, certification, transportation, medical procedures, officiating, and the handicapped athlete as influenced by litigation.
Grading:  Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Usually offered:  Spring.

PE 591 -- Preceptorship  (1-3 units)
Description:  Specialized work on an individual basis, consisting of instruction and practice in actual service in a department, program, or discipline. Teaching formats may include seminars, in-depth studies, laboratory work and patient study.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 593 -- Internship  (1-3 units)
Description:  Specialized work on an individual basis, consisting of training and practice in actual service in a technical, business, or governmental establishment.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 595A -- Issues in Physical Education  (1-3 units)
Description:  Contemporary issues in physical education. Topics will change based on instructor.
Grading:  Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
May be repeated:  for a total of 6 units of credit.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 599 -- Independent Study  (1-3 units)
Description:  Qualified students working on an individual basis with professors who have agreed to supervise such work. Graduate students doing independent work which cannot be classified as actual research will register for credit under course number 599, 699, or 799.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring.

PE 694 -- Practicum  (1-3 units)
Description:  The practical application, on an individual basis, of previously studied theory and the collection of data for future theoretical interpretation.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring, Summer.

PE 791 -- Preceptorship  (1-3 units)
Description:  Specialized work on an individual basis, consisting of instruction and practice in actual service in a department, program, or discipline. Teaching formats may include seminars, in-depth studies, laboratory work and patient study.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring, Summer.

PE 793 -- Internship  (1-3 units)
Description:  Specialized work on an individual basis, consisting of training and practice in actual service in a technical, business, or governmental establishment.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring, Summer.

PE 900 -- Research  (1-6 units)
Description:  Individual research, not related to thesis or dissertation preparation, by graduate students.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E K.
May be repeated:  an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring, Summer.

PE 910 -- Thesis  (1-6 units)
Description:  Research for the master's thesis (whether library research, laboratory or field observation or research, artistic creation, or thesis writing). Maximum total credit permitted varies with the major department.
Grading:  Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P E K.
May be repeated:  an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered:  Fall, Spring, Summer.